TeslaRel410/display-board-1408.md

Display Board 1408 — outputs, and what the RIO shows on it

Complete definition of the RIO External Display board (P/N 1408 Rev. 1, DSP_1408 sheet 7), from the schematic, the board photos, the GAL decode, and the firmware disassembly (RIOv4_2.disasm.asm).

Outputs: light only — the board is electrically write-only

No signal leaves the board toward the RIO or anything else. J1 has no readback line, matching the GAL's write-only DSP_SEL* decode, and the PC↔RIO protocol has no display command — only the firmware writes it.

1. Eight multiplexed 7-segment digits (U2–U9, LTS313A, red, common-cathode)

The ICM7228B (U1) does all driving. HEX/B/SHD is strapped high via 2.7 K (R1): hexadecimal decode mode, always enabled — each digit renders 0–F plus a decimal point; no raw-segment access exists as built.

• Segment bus — U1 pins 16, 17, 20, 18, 21, 22, 23, 15 drive SEGA–SEGG, SEGDP, shared by all digits (digit pins A–G, DP = 10, 9, 8, 5, 4, 2, 3, 7). Segments source the multiplexed current (~20 mA peak).
• Digit commons — U1 outputs DSP1–DSP8 (pins 4, 25, 3, 1, 26, 2, 27, 24) each sink one digit's tied-together commons (CC1+CC2, pins 6+1). DSP1→U2 (leftmost) … DSP8→U9 (rightmost).
• Multiplex scanning is internal to the ICM7228; the host only writes digit registers.

From the 68HC11 the digits are bytes at $A000–$A007 (AS0-2 = A0–A2, strobed by DSP_SEL* = E & /R/W-qualified, arriving as the 7228's /WR on J1 pin 7). Data format per write: bits 0–3 = hex value (MD[00:03]→ID0-3), bit 4 = decimal point (MD[04]→ID7; DP lights when the bit is low — the firmware always sets it, so the DP is never used). $A000 = leftmost digit (U2), $A007 = rightmost (U9); the firmware's render buffer ($2038, routine $CB49) fills right-to-left so multi-digit hex numbers read naturally.

2. Twelve passive monitor LEDs on the "IBM printer port" header (J2) — an input, not an output

J2 (26-pin IDC, standard LPT-ribbon mapping to a DB25) is electrically isolated from the display circuit; its DD nets touch nothing but LEDs and 1 K resistors referenced to the PC's own ground (IBM_GND). With a PC parallel port plugged in, the LEDs show: D0–D7 = data bits (J2 pins 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17), D8 = /STROBE (pin 1), D9–D11 = /AUTOFD, /INIT, /SELECTIN (pins 2, 6, 8). The LPT status returns are strapped to ground so a PC streams without waiting. It is a built-in parallel-port activity monitor / bench tool, powered entirely by the PC.

3. Nothing else

J1 (14-pin, from the RIO's EXTERNAL DISPLAY port) is all input: MD[00:04] on pins 2, 4, 6, 8, 10; AS0-2 on 1, 3, 5; BF_DSP_SEL* on 7; GND on 9, 11, 13; VCC on 12, 14.

What the RIO firmware displays (v4.2)

All display writes go through $CB49 (buffer render) or five canned patterns at $CB7C–$CC52, driven from three contexts: initialization, the built-in test mode, and the serial error/crash displays (below). During normal, healthy gameplay the display is static.

Normal operation: F0000000 — written at cold boot ($C068) and warm re-init ($C64B), then left alone.

Test mode — entered by typing the keypad sequence A, 9, E on a cockpit keypad ($C1CB tracks the sequence at $20F8); entry sets flag $2421, shows F1000000, and notifies the PC (TestModeChange, cmd 0x8C — see PROTOCOL.md). Within test mode the next keypad digit selects a sub-test; F ends a sub-test (back to F1000000), D exits test mode (back to F0000000).

Display format convention: left pair = test number, right = value, zeros as filler; the decimal points are never used.

Key	Display	Test
(entry)	F1000000	test-mode banner
0	00000000	encoder-counter reset: presets the five 16-bit accumulators to $FAFA and re-reads all HCTL-2016s ($C446)
1	0100hhll	axis test, channel 01 — counter at $A028/$A038
2	0200hhll	axis test, channel 02 — $A020/$A030
3	0300hhll	axis test, channel 03 — $A022/$A032
C	0C00hhll	axis test, channel 0C — $A024/$A034
4	0400hhll	axis test, channel 04 — $A026/$A036
5	050000nn	button test — nn = index of the pressed input (scan at $D004 over the pod input state at $2152), with lamp feedback
6	06000003	lamp test, pattern 3 ($D34A) — right digit is the pattern code
7	07000001	lamp test, pattern 1 ($D370)
8	080000kk	keypad test — kk = keypad status byte $204B, refreshed while scanning ($CC7E)

In the axis tests hhll is the live 16-bit quadrature count in hex (high:low = $201D:$201E, alternating with the raw latched bytes $2026:$2025 as the loop runs) — spin the stick/throttle/pedal encoder and watch the number move. The channel IDs are literally the keypad keys that start them, which is why the fourth axis reads 0C.

Error displays (the third use)

Two more display writers live in the serial machinery — the display is also the RIO's error annunciator:

• E0 serial-diagnostics readout ($D5F2) — E0xxyyzz where xx = TX-ring overflow count ($3187, outbound byte dropped because the ring was full, $D66A), yy = give-up count ($3184, $D96A — reply cycles whose 5 timeout retransmits all went unACKed), zz = reply-teardown count ($3185, $DA2F — any reply cycle that needed at least one retransmission; the counter behind a lone E0000001). Semantics bench-confirmed 2026-07-19: display read E0000105 after one give-up + five teardowns. Each increment site immediately re-renders, so the display live-updates as serial trouble accumulates. If a cockpit's display reads E0… instead of F0000000, the serial link has been dropping or retrying. Note there is no threshold in stock firmware — the first event paints E0000001 permanently; the _e0t5 patched images (make_patch.py --e0thresh, see RIOv4_2-ANALYSIS.md) keep the display quiet until a counter reaches 5.
• dEAd crash screen ($DAB8, loop at $DAB2) — the TX-ISR ring drain ($D8C2) looks each outgoing command byte up in an 8-entry dispatch table at $3158; an unmatched byte means internal state corruption, and the firmware jumps to an infinite loop that renders #$DE #$AD → dEAd followed by RAM bytes $0000/$0001 (nothing in this build writes them — vestigial debug data). The board is dead until reset; there is no watchdog to rescue it (the MAX690's WDI is not connected to the CPU and no strobe code exists in the firmware).

Cross-references

• README.md — board family, photos, schematic page map
• gal/README.md — DSP_SEL* decode ($A000-$A00F, write-only) recovered from the GAL fuse map
• rio-firmware/RIOv4_2.disasm.asm — display routines $CB20/$CB36/$CB49 (buffer render), $CB7C (F0), $CBA7 (F1), $CBD2/$CBFD (lamp-test banners), $CC28 (zeros), test dispatcher $C241, entry-sequence tracker $C1CB